So you have followed some of the advice here (or elsewhere) and have detected a breakin? The first thing to do is to remain calm. Hasty actions can cause more harm than the attacker would have.
Spotting a security compromise under way can be a tense undertaking. How you react can have large consequences.
If the compromise you are seeing is a physical one, odds are you have spotted someone who has broken into your home, office or lab. You should notify your local authorities. In a lab setting you might have spotted someone trying to open a case or reboot a machine. Depending on your authority and procedures, you might ask them to stop, or contact your local security people.
If you have detected a local user trying to compromise your security, the first thing to do is confirm they are in fact who you think they are. Check the site they are logging in from. Is it the site they are normally in from? no? Then use a non electronic means of getting in touch. For instance, call them on the phone or walk over to their office/house and talk to them. If they agree that they are on, you can ask them to explain what they were doing or tell them to cease doing it. If they are not on, and have no idea what you are talking about, odds are this incident requires further investigation. Look into such incidents , and have lots of information before making any accusations.
If you have detected a network compromise, the first thing to do (if you are able) is to disconnect your network. If they are connected via modem, unplug the modem cable, if they are connected via ethernet, unplug the ethernet cable. This will prevent them from doing any further damage, and they will probably see it as a network problem rather than detection.
If you are unable to disconnect the network (if you have a busy site, or you do not have physical control of your machines), the next best step is to use something like tcp_wrappers or ipfwadm to deny access from the intruders site.
If you can't deny all people from the same site as the intruder, locking the users account will have to do. Note that locking an account is not an easy thing. You have to keep in mind .rhosts files, FTP access, and a host of backdoors).
After you have done one of the above (disconnected network, denied access from their site, and/or disabled their account), you need to kill all their user processes and log them off.
You should monitor your site well for the next few minutes, as the attacker will try and get back in. Perhaps using a different account, and/or from a different network address.
So you have either detected a compromise that has already happened or you have detected it and locked (hopefully) the offending attacker out of your system. Now what?
If you are able to determine what means the attacker used to get into your system, you should try and close that hole. For instance, perhaps you see several FTP entries just before the user logged in. Disable the FTP service and check and see if there is an updated version or any of the lists know of a fix.
Check all your log files, and make a visit to your security lists and pages and see if there are any new common exploits you can fix. You can find Caldera security fixes here http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/security/. Red Hat has not yet seperated their security fixes from bugfixes, but their distribution errata is available at http://www.redhat.com/errata It is very likely that if one vendor has released a security update, that most other Linux vendors will as well.
If you don't lock the attacker out, they will likely be back. Not just back on your machine, but back somewhere on your network. If they were running a packet sniffer, odds are good they have access to other local machines.
The first thing is to assess the damage. What has been compromised? If you are running an Integrity Checker like Tripwire you can make a tripwire run and it should tell you. If not, you will have to look around at all your important data.
Since Linux systems are getting easier and easier to install, you might consider saving your config files and then wiping your disk(s) and reinstalling, then restoring your user files from backups and your config files. This will insure that you have a new clean system. If you have to backup files from the compromised system, be especially cautious of any binaries that you restore as they may be trojan horses placed there by the intruder.
Having regular backups is a godsend for security matters. If your system is compromised, you can restore the data you need from backups. Of course some data is valuable to the attacker to, and they will not only destroy it, they will steal it and have their own copies, but at least you will still have the data.
You should check several backups back into the past before restoring a file that has been tampered with. The intruder could have compromised your files long ago, and you could have made many successful backups of the compromised file!!!
Of course, there are also a raft of security concerns with backups. Make sure you are storing them in a secure place. Know who has access to them. (If an attacker can get your backups, they can have access to all your data without you ever knowing it.)
Ok, you have locked the intruder out, and recovered your system, but you're not quite done yet. While it is unlikely that most intruders will ever be caught, you should report the attack.
You should report the attack to the admin contact at the site where the attacker attacked your system. You can look up this contact with "whois" or the internic database. You might send them an email with all applicable log entries and dates and times. If you spotted anything else distinctive about your intruder, you might mention that too. After sending the email, you should (if you are so inclined) follow up with a phone call. If that admin in turn spots your attacker, they might be able to talk to the admin of the site where they are coming from and so on.
Good hackers often use many intermediate systems. Some (or many) of which may not even know they have been compromised. Trying to track a cracker back to their home system can be difficult. Being polite to the admins you talk to can go a long way to getting help from them.
You should also notify any security organizations you are a part of (CERT or similar).